Written
by Johan Thomas
on June 7, 2011 2:31 pm
http://newsone.com/nation/rap-sessions/jothomas/remembering-geronimo-pratt/
By Bakari Kitwana
Political activists around the country are still absorbing the news of
Geronimo ji Jaga’s death. For those of us who came of age in the 80s and 90s,
the struggles of the late 1960s and early 1970s were in many ways a gateway for
our examination of the history of Black political resistance in the US.
Geronimo ji Jaga (formerly Geronimo Pratt) and his personal struggle, as well
as his contributions to the fight for social justice were impossible to ignore.
His commitment, humility, clear thinking as well as his sense of both the
longevity and continuity of the Black Freedom Movement in the US all stood out
to those who knew him.
I interviewed him for The Source magazine in early September 1997 about
three months after he was released from prison, having served 27 years of a
life sentence for a murder he didn’t commit. Three things stood out from the
interview, all of which have been missed by recent commentary celebrating his life
and impact.
First that famed attorney Johnnie Cochran was not only his lawyer when ji Jaga
gained his freedom, but also represented him in his original trial. They were
from the same hometown and, according to ji Jaga, Cochran’s conscious over the
years was dogged by the injustice of the US criminal system that resulted in
the 1970 sentence. Second, according to ji Jaga, he never formally joined the
Black Panther Party. As he remembered it, he worked with several Black activist
organizations and was captured by the police while working with the Black
Panther Party for Self-Defense. And finally, his analysis of the UCLA 1969
shoot-out between Black Panthers and US Organization members that led to the
death of his best friend Bunchy Carter and John Huggins is not a simple tale of
Black in-fighting. Now is a good time to revisit all three.
Misinformation is so much part of our current political moment, particularly as
the 24-hour news cycle converges with the ascendance of Fox News. In this
climate, the conservative analysis of race has been normalized in mainstream
discourse. This understanding of racial politics, along with the election of
Barack Obama and a first term marked by little for Blacks to celebrate, makes
it a particularly challenging time to be politically Black in the United
States. Ask Jeremiah Wright, Shirley Sherrod, and Van Jonesall three serious
advocates for the rights and humanity of everyday people whose critiques of
politics and race made them far too easily demonized as anti-American.
If we have entered the era where the range of Black political thought beyond
the mainstream liberal-conservative purview is delegitimized, Geronimo ji
Jaga’s life and death is a reminder of our need to resist it.
EXCERPTS FROM THE 1997 INTERVIEW:
How did you get involved with the Black Panther Party?
Technically I never joined the Black Panther Party. After Martin Luther
King’s death, an elder of mine who was related to Bunchy Carter’s elder and
Johnnie Cochran’s elder requested that those of us in the South that had
military training render some sort of discipline to brothers in urban areas who
were running amuck getting shot right and left, running down the street
shooting guns with bullets half filled which they were buying at the local
hardware store. When I arrived at UCLA, Bunchy was just getting out of prison
and needed college to help with his parole. We stayed together in the dorm room
on campus. But we were mainly working to build the infrastructure of the Party.
You ended up as the Deputy Minister of Defense. How did that come about?
They did not have a Ministry of Defense when I came on the scene. There was
one office in Oakland and a half an office in San Francisco. I helped build the
San Francisco branch and all of the chapters throughout the SouthNew Orleans,
Dallas, Atlanta, Memphis, Winston-Salem, North Carolina and other places. We
did it under the banner of the Panthers because that’s what was feasible at the
time. Because of shoot-outs and all that stuff, the work I did with the Panthers,
overshadowed the stuff that I did with the Republic of New Afrika, the Mau Mau,
the Black Liberation Army, the Brown Berets, the Black Berets, even the Fruit
of Islambut I saw my work with the Panthers as temporary. When Bunchy was
killed, the Panthers wanted me to fill his position [as leader of the Southern
California chapter]. I didn’t want to do it because I was already overloaded
with other stuff. But it was just so hard to find someone who could handle LA
given the problems with the police. So I ended up doing it, reluctantly. And
this is how I ended up on the central committee of the Black Panther Party. I
never took an oath and never joined the Party.
What was your role as Deputy Minister of Defense?
The Ministry of Defense was largely based on infrastructure: cell systems
in the cities; creating an underground for situations when you need to get
individuals out of the city or country. When you get shot by the police, you
can’t be taken to no hospital. You gotta have medical underground as well.
That’s where the preachers, bible school teachers and a lot of others behind
the scenes got involved. When Huey got out of prison in 1970, this stuff blew
his mind.
What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Party?
The main strength was the discipline which allowed for a brother or sister
to feed children early in the morning, go to school and P.E. classes during the
day, go to work and selling papers in the afternoon, and patrol the police at
night. The weak points were our naiveté, our youth, and the lack of experience.
But even at that I really salute the resistance of the generation! I have a
problem saying it was just the Panthers `cause that’s not right. When you do
that you x-out so much. There was more collective work going on than the popular
written history of the period suggests. And when you talk about SNCC you are
talking about a whole broader light than the Panther struggle. So you have to
talk about that separatethat’s a bigger thing. They gave rise to the
intelligence of a whole bunch of Panthers.
What was Bunchy Carter like?
He was a giant, a shining prince. He had been the head of the Slausons
gang. He was transforming the gangbangers in Los Angeles into that
revolutionary arm. He was my mentor. Such a warm and lovable, brainy brother.
At the same time he was such a fierce brother. He was very dynamiche was an
ex-boxer, and he was even on The Little Rascals probably back in the
fifties. His main claim to fame was what he did with the gangs in the city. And
that was a monumental thing. All that was before Bunchy became a Panther.
Because of the death of Bunchy Carter as a result of the Panthers’ clash
with Maulana Karenga’s US organization, even today rumors persists that Dr.
Karenga was an informant. . .
Not true. Definitely not true.
What was the Panther clash with US all about?
We considered Karenga’s US organization to be a cultural-nationalist
organization. We were considered revolutionary nationalist. So, we have a
common denominator. We both are nationalist. We never had antagonistic
contradictions, just ideological contradictions. The pig manipulated those
contradictions to the extent that warfare jumped off. Truth is the first
casualty in war. It began to be said that Karenga was rat, but that wasn’t
true. The death of Bunchy and John Huggins on UCLA campus was caused by an
agent creating a disturbance which caused a Panther to pull out a gun and which
subsequently caused US members to pull out their guns to defend themselves. In
the ensuing gun battle Bunchy Carter and John Huggins lay dead.
What’s your worst memory of the 27 years you spent in prison?
I accepted the fact that when I joined the movement I was gonna be killed.
When we were sent off to these urban areas we were actually told, “Look, you’re
either gonna get killed, put in prison, or if you’re lucky we can get you out
the country before they do that. Those are the three options. To survive is
only a dream.” So when I was captured, I began to disconnect. So it’s hard to
say good or bad moments because this is a whole different reality that had a
life of its own.
Many people would say that during those twenty-seven years that you lost
something. How would you describe it?
I considered myself chopped off the game plan when I was arrested. But it
was incumbent upon me to free myself and continue to struggle again. You can’t
look back twenty-seven years and say it was a lost. I’m still living. I run
about five miles every morning, and I can still bench press 300 pounds ten
times. I can give you ten reps (laughter). Also I hope I’m a little more
intelligent and I’m not crazy. It’s a hell of a gain that I survived.
What music most influenced you during that time?
In 1975 I heard some music on a prison radio. I hadn’t seen a television in
six years until about 1976, and it was at the end of the tier. I couldn’t see
it unless I stood up sideways against the bars. When I really got to see a
television again was in 1977. So, I was basically without music and television
for the first eight years when I was in the hole. When I was able to get on the
main line and listen to music and see T.V., of course the things I wanted to
hear were the things I heard when I was on the street. But by then those songs
had to be at least nine years old. So, I would listen to oldies. And the new
music it was hard to get into, but I slowly began to get into that. But when
hip-hop began to come around, it caught on like wildfire. It reminds me how the
Panthers and other groups started to catch on like wildfire. It reminded me of
Gil Scott-Heron. He would spit that knowledge so clearly and that was the first
thing that came to mind when I heard Grandmaster Flash, KRS-One, Paris, Public
Enemy and Sista Soldierthe militancy.
What type of books were you reading?
We maintained study groups throughout when I was on main line. Much of the
focus was on Cheik Anta DiopHe was considered by us to be the last Pharaoh. We
also read the works compiled by Ivan Van Sertima. Of course, there were others.
In terms of a spiritual center, what helped you to get through?
Well the ancestors guided me back to the oldest religion known to manMaat.
We also studied those meditations that were developed by all of our ancestorsthe
Natives, the Hispanics, the Irishnot just the ones that were strictly African.
The youngest of seven children, Ji Jaga was born Elmer Pratt, in Morgan
City, a port city in southwestern Louisiana, two hours south of New Orleans, on
September 13 1947. 120 years earlier marked the death of Jean Lafitte, the
so-called “gentleman’s pirate” of French ancestry who settled in Haiti in the
early 1800s until he was run out with most other Europeans during the Haitian
revolution. Lafitte’s claim to fame was smuggling enslaved Africans from the
Caribbean to Louisiana during the Spanish embargo of the late 17th & early
18th centuries, often taking refuge in the same bayous that were Pratt’s
childhood home. Pratt was dubbed Geronimo by Bunchy Carter and assumed the name
ji Jaga in 1968. The Jaga were a West African clan of Angolan warriors who
Geronimo says he descends from. Many of the Jaga came to Brazil with the
Portuguese as free men and women and some were later found among maroon
societies in Brazil. How Jaga descendants could have ended up in Louisiana is
open to historical interpretation, as most Angolans who ended up in Louisiana
and Mississippi and neighboring states entered the US via South Carolina. Some
Jaga were possibly among the maroon communities in the Louisiana swamplands as
well. According to the Pratt, the Jaga refused to accept slaveryhence his
strong identification with the name.
What were some of your earliest early childhood memories?
Well, joyous times mostly. Morgan City was a very rural setting and very
nationalistic, self-reliant, and self-determining. It was a very close-knit
community. Until I was a ripe old age, I thought that I belonged to a nation
that was run by Blacks. And across the street was another nation, a white
nation. Segregation across the tracks. We had our own national anthem, “Lift
Every Voice and Sing,” our own police, and everything. We didn’t call on the
man across the street for nothing and it was very good that I grew up that way.
The worst memories were those of when the Klan would ride. During one of those
rides, I lost a close friend at an early age named Clayborne Brown who was hit
in the head by the Klan and drowned. They found his body three days later in
the Chaparral River. And, we all went to the River and saw them pull him in.
Clayborne was real dark-skinned and when they pulled him out of the river, his
body was like translucent blue. Then a few years later, one Halloween night,
the Klan jumped on my brother. So there are bad memories like that.
Does your mother still live there?
She’s gone off into senility, but she’s still living94 years old this
year. [She died in 2003 at 98 years-old] And every time I’ve left home,
when I come back the first person I go to see is my mama. So, that’s what I did
when I got out of prison. Mama has always stood by me. And, I understood why.
She was a very brainy person. Our foreparents, her mother was the first to
bring education into that part of the swampland and set up the first school.
When I was growing up, Mama used to rock us in her chair on the front porch. We
grew up in a shack and we were all born in that house, about what you would
call a block from the Chaparral River. She would recite Shakespeare and
Longfellow to us. All kind of stuff like that at an early age we were hearing
from Mamathis Gumbo Creole woman (laughs). And she was very beautiful. Kept us
in church, instilled all kinds of interests in us, morals and respect for the
elders, respect for the young.
What about your father?
My father was very hard working. He wouldn’t work for no white man so he
was what you could call a junk man. On the way home from school in Daddy’s old
pick-up truck we would have to go to the dump and get all the metal that we
could find as well as rope, rags, anything. When we got home, we unloaded the
truck and separated the brass, copper, the aluminum, so we could sell it
separate. That’s how he raised an entire family of seven and he did a damn good
job. But he worked himself to death. He died from a stroke in 1956.
With an upbringing so nationalistic, what made you join the US military?
I considered myself a hell of an athlete. We had just started a Black
football league. A few years earlier, Grambling came through and checked one of
the guys out. So initially my ambition was to go to Grambling or Southern
University and play ball. Because of the way the community was organized, the
elders called the shots over a lot of the youngsters. They had a network that
went all the way back to Marcus Garvey and the days when the United Negro
Improvement Association (U.N.I.A.) was organizing throughout the South in the
1920s. My uncle was a member of the legionnaires, the military arm of the
U.N.I.A. Of the seventeen people in my graduating class, six of us were
selected by the elders to go into the armed forces, the United States Air
Force. The older generation was getting older and was concerned about who would
protect the community.
Many of the brothers that went to Vietnam have never gotten past it. You
seemed to have made a progressive transition. How have you done that?
I’ve never suffered the illusion that I was aligned to anything other than
my elders. And my going to Vietnam was out on a sense of duty to them. When I
learned how to deal with explosives, I’m listening at that training in terms of
defending my community. Most of the brothers that I ran into in the service
really bought into being Americans and “pow” when they were hit with the
reality of all the racism and disrespect, they just couldn’t handle it.
What was it like to be a Black soldier in the US military in 1965?
This was my first experience with integration. But I was never was a victim
of any racial attack or anything. During the whole first time I was in Vietnamthroughout
1966I never heard the “N” word. And all of my officers were white. When I went
back in 1968 that’s when you would see more manifestations of racial hatred,
especially racial skirmishes between the soldiers. But first off there were so
many battles and we were getting ambushed so much. Partners were dying. We were
getting over run. I mean it was just madness. If you were shooting in the same
direction, cool.
You were very successful in the military. Why did you get out?
On April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. was killed. I was due to terminate
my service a month later. I wasn’t gonna do it. I was gonna re-up ‘cause I had
made Sergeant at a very early age, in two tours of combat, so I could have been
sitting pretty for the rest of my life in the military. I was loyal and
patriotic to the African nation I grew up in who sent me into the service. And
after Martin Luther King was killed, my elders ordered me to come on out of the
service. King was the eldest Messiah. Malcolm was our generation’s Messiah. And
now that their King was dead, it was like there’s no hope. So they actually
unleashed us to do what we did. This is why when Newsweek took their
survey in 1969, it was over 92% of the Black people in this country supported
the Black Panther Party as their legitimate political arm. It blew the United
States’ mind.
Freedom Archives
522 Valencia Street
San Francisco, CA 94110
415 863-9977
www.Freedomarchives.org
Questions and comments may be
sent to claude@freedomarchives.org
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